junior exam nig - African Biology Olympiad

#1. Which of these structures is found in both plant and animal cells?

Cell wall

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Permanent vacuole

#2. In a plant cell, what is the name of the organelle, which controls the cell’s activities?

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Mitochondria

#3. What is the main function of the chloroplasts in a plant cell?

Protein synthesis

Cellular respiration

Photosynthesis

Storing cell sap

#4. A sperm cell is adapted for its function by being…

long and connected to other cells.

packed with chloroplasts for energy.

large and containing stored food.

having a tail for swimming and many mitochondria for energy.

#5. What is the correct equation for calculating magnification?

Magnification = Size of Image + Real Size

Magnification = Size of Image × Real Size

Magnification = Size of Image ÷ Real Size

Magnification = Real Size ÷ Size of Image

#6. A root hair cell is specialised for absorbing water and minerals. How is it adapted?

It has a large surface area.

It contains many chloroplasts.

It has cilia to move substances.

It is very short and wide.

#7. What is the process by which cells divide for growth and repair?

Meiosis

Osmosis

Mitosis

Diffusion

#8. Which part of the cell is a semi-permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out?

Cell wall

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell membrane

#9. Where in the cell do most chemical reactions, including respiration, take place?

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Vacuole

Ribosome

#10. What is the net movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane called?

Diffusion

Active transport

Osmosis

Mitosis

#11. A red blood cell is specialised to carry oxygen. It is adapted by…

having a large nucleus.

being a bi-concave disc shape to increase surface area.

having a rigid cell wall.

containing chlorophyll.

#12. If a student sees 5 cells across the field of view of a microscope and the field of view is 1 mm wide, what is the approximate width of one cell?

0.5 mm

0.2 mm

1 mm

5 mm

#13. Which process requires energy from respiration to move substances against a concentration gradient?

Diffusion

Osmosis

Active transport

Mitosis

#14. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a typical animal cell?

Cell membrane

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Ribosome

#15. A nerve cell (neurone) is long and has branched connections at its ends. Why is it adapted like this?

To carry electrical impulses over long distances and connect to other cells.

To increase the rate of photosynthesis.

To store fat for insulation.

To allow it to change shape easily.

#16. What is the function of the ribosomes?

To control the cell

To make proteins

To release energy

To support the cell

#17. In which process do particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

Osmosis

Active transport

Diffusion

Mitosis

#18. A plant cell is placed in pure water. What will happen to it?

It will shrink and become plasmolysed.

It will burst.

It will become turgid.

Nothing will happen.

#19. Which cell structure provides strength and support to a plant cell?

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Cell wall

Vacuole

#20. What is the name of the process shown in the diagram, where substances move from a high to a low concentration? (Imagine a diagram showing particles moving through a membrane, high to low)

Active Transport

Osmosis

Mitosis

Diffusion

#21. A ciliated epithelial cell has hair-like structures on its surface. What is their function?

To absorb nutrients

To move substances along

To fight infection

To sense the environment

#22. The real size of a cell is 20 µm. A student draws it 2 cm long. What is the magnification? (1 cm = 10,000 µm)

x10

x100

x1000

x10,000

#23. Which of the following is a correct difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces gametes, meiosis produces body cells.

Mitosis produces four daughter cells, meiosis produces two.

Mitosis produces identical cells, meiosis produces genetically different cells.

Mitosis occurs only in plants, meiosis occurs only in animals.

#24. Which process is responsible for the absorption of water by root hair cells from the soil?

Active Transport

Diffusion

Osmosis

Transpiration

#25. A palisade mesophyll cell in a leaf is packed with chloroplasts. What is the advantage of this?

It can absorb more water.

It can perform more photosynthesis.

It makes the leaf stronger.

It can store more starch.

#26. What happens to an animal cell if it is placed in a very concentrated sugar solution?

It becomes turgid.

It shrinks.

It absorbs water and swells.

It divides by mitosis.

#27. Which part of a cell contains its genetic material (DNA)?

Ribosome

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

#28. Mineral ions from the soil are often absorbed into root hair cells by active transport. Why is this necessary?

The mineral ions are too large to diffuse.

The concentration of minerals is higher in the root than in the soil.

Water cannot enter the root by osmosis.

The cell membrane is completely impermeable to ions.

#29. What is the primary role of the mitochondria?

To perform photosynthesis

To control what enters and leaves the cell

To release energy through respiration

To store cell sap

#30. A student is observing an onion epidermal cell under a microscope. They would expect to see…

a cell wall and chloroplasts.

a cell membrane and chloroplasts.

a cell wall and a nucleus.

no nucleus, as it is a plant cell.

#31. What is the correct order of organisation in a multicellular organism?

Organ System → Organ → Tissue → Cell

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System

Tissue → Cell → Organ System → Organ

Organ → Cell → Tissue → Organ System

#32. Which of the following is an example of a tissue?

The stomach

A muscle cell

The digestive system

A group of muscle cells working together

#33. Where is the enzyme amylase produced in the human digestive system?

Stomach and Pancreas

Salivary Glands and Pancreas

Small Intestine and Salivary Glands

Stomach and Small Intestine

#34. What is the main function of the villi in the small intestine?

secrete digestive enzymes

To neutralise stomach acid

To increase the surface area for absorption

To push food along the gut

#35. Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Vein

Artery

Capillary

Ventricle

#36. What is the primary role of red blood cells?

To fight infection

To carry oxygen

To form clots

To transport hormones

#37. Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

#38. What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids?

Amylase

Lipase

Protease

Carbohydrase

#39. Which organ produces bile to emulsify fats?

Gall Bladder

Pancreas

Stomach

Liver

#40. What is the liquid component of blood called?

Platelets

Haemoglobin

Plasma

Cytoplasm

#41. Which of these is a non-communicable disease?

Influenza (Flu)

Tuberculosis

Coronary Heart Disease

Chickenpox

#42. What is the function of the coronary arteries?

To carry blood to the lungs

To carry blood to the brain

To supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

To carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

#43. A person with a vitamin C deficiency may develop scurvy. What type of disease is scurvy?

Communicable

Deficiency disease

Genetic disease

Bacterial disease

#44. Which blood vessel has valves to prevent the backflow of blood?

Artery

Capillary

Vein

Aorta

#45. Where in the digestive system is water primarily absorbed?

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Oesophagus

#46. What is the role of platelets in the blood?

Transporting carbon dioxide

Carrying oxygen

Clotting blood at the site of a wound

Producing antibodies

#47. Which organ system is the heart a part of?

The Digestive System

The Respiratory System

The Circulatory System

The Nervous System

#48. What is the name of the process where bile breaks large fat droplets into smaller ones?

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Emulsification

Peristalsis

Absorption

#49. A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease. Which of these is NOT a pathogen?

Bacteria

Virus

Fungus

White blood cell

#50. Which enzyme breaks down starch into maltose?

Protease

Lipase

Amylase

Sucrase

#51. Why do arteries have thick, muscular walls?

To allow for the exchange of gases

To withstand high pressure from the heart

To contain valves

To carry deoxygenated blood

#52. What is the main symptom of coronary heart disease?

Weakened immune system

Pain in the chest due to reduced blood flow

Uncontrolled bleeding

Blockage in the large intestine

#53. What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

To digest starch

To kill bacteria and provide the optimum pH for protease

To absorb water

To emulsify fats

#54. Which of the following is an organ?

A neuron (nerve cell)

The heart

The circulatory system

Epithelial tissue

#55. How are capillaries adapted for their function?

They have thick, elastic walls.

They have valves.

They are one cell thick for efficient diffusion.

They carry blood at high pressure.

#56. A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol can lead to a build-up of fatty material in the arteries. What is this condition called?

Anaemia

Atherosclerosis

Emphysema

Scurvy

#57. Where are protease enzymes active in the digestive system?

Mouth and Small Intestine

Stomach and Small Intestine

Salivary Glands and Large Intestine

Oesophagus and Pancreas

#58. What is the role of white blood cells?

To carry oxygen

To form blood clots

To fight infection

To transport nutrients

#59. Which organ is responsible for producing insulin and digestive enzymes?

Liver

Gall Bladder

Stomach

Pancreas

#60. What is the name of the muscular contractions that push food through the digestive system?

Emulsification

Digestion

Peristalsis

Absorption

#61. What is the name for a microorganism that causes infectious disease?

Antibody

Antibiotic

Pathogen

Antigen

#62. Which type of pathogen is responsible for causing Malaria?

Bacteria

Virus

Protist

Fungus

#63. How can the spread of Salmonella food poisoning be reduced in Nigeria?

Vaccinating humans

Vaccinating poultry

Using antibiotics in animal feed

Isolating infected people

#64. Measles is a serious disease. What type of pathogen causes it?

Bacteria

Virus

Protist

Fungus

#65. What is the first line of defence against pathogens in the human body?

White blood cells

The skin

Antibodies

Fever

#66. Hairs and mucus in the nose and trachea act as a defence by…

producing antibiotics.

carrying out phagocytosis.

trapping pathogens.

secreting stomach acid.

#67. How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?

By producing oxygen

By carrying out photosynthesis

By ingesting pathogens and producing antibodies

By releasing carbon dioxide

#68. What is the role of an antibody?

To kill all body cells

To lock onto and help destroy a specific antigen

To act as a food source for pathogens

To carry oxygen around the body

#69. What is the purpose of a vaccination?

To cure a disease once you have it

To kill bacterial pathogens directly

To stimulate the body to produce memory cells for future immunity

To provide a dose of antibiotics

#70. Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral diseases like the common cold?

Viruses are too large.

Antibiotics cannot penetrate the virus.

Viruses reproduce inside body cells, and antibiotics work on bacterial processes.

Antibiotics boost the immune system, which doesn't work on viruses.

#71. Rose black spot is a disease that affects plants. What type of pathogen causes it?

Bacteria

Virus

Protist

Fungus

#72. What is ‘herd immunity’?

When a large proportion of the population is immune, reducing the spread of disease.

When only animals are vaccinated.

When everyone in a population catches the disease.

When antibiotics are used on a whole herd of animals.

#73. Which of these is a primary defence of the human body?

Production of antibodies by white blood cells

Hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Phagocytosis

Production of antitoxins

#74. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) affects plants. What is a common symptom?

Black spots on leaves

A mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves

Wilting of the stem

Rotting of the roots

#75. What do white blood cells produce to neutralise the toxins made by pathogens?

Antibodies

Antigens

Antitoxins

Antibiotics

#76. How does a virus cause damage to the body?

By producing toxins

By reproducing inside host cells, causing them to burst

By ingesting body cells

By blocking blood vessels

#77. What is a key difference between bacteria and viruses?

Viruses are living organisms, bacteria are not.

Bacteria are much larger and can be treated with antibiotics.

Viruses are beneficial, bacteria are always harmful.

Bacteria have a protein coat, viruses have a cell wall.

#78. Why is it difficult to develop drugs to destroy viruses?

Viruses mutate rapidly.

Viruses are immune to all chemicals.

Viruses are easily seen and targeted.

Viruses are not pathogens.

#79. The process by which a white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a pathogen is called…

Vaccination

Phagocytosis

Immunity

Antibiosis

#80. Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). What type of pathogen causes it?

Virus

Fungus

Protist

Bacteria

#81. How can the spread of Gonorrhoea be controlled?

Using antibiotics and using barrier contraception like condoms

Drinking plenty of water

Using antifungal cream

Vaccinating all teenagers

#82. What is the main symptom of the fungal disease Rose Black Spot?

Purple spots on the petals

Black or purple spots on leaves which turn yellow and drop early

A black stem

Wilting of the entire plant

#83. What is the role of memory cells in the immune system?

To produce antigens quickly

To remember the specific antibody needed for a pathogen and produce it rapidly upon reinfection

To engulf pathogens

To produce antibiotics

#84. Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

Gonorrhoea

Salmonella

HIV/AIDS

Tuberculosis

#85. How does HIV initially damage the immune system?

It kills red blood cells.

It kills the white blood cells that coordinate the immune response.

It produces a deadly toxin.

It causes the blood to clot.

#86. What is a major risk associated with the overuse of antibiotics?

It makes vaccines less effective.

It leads to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

It causes viruses to become stronger.

It weakens the skin as a barrier.

#87. Which of these is a way that white blood cells defend the body?

Through photosynthesis

Through respiration

Through the production of specific antibodies

By producing red blood cells

#88. How can the spread of Malaria be reduced?

Vaccinating people against mosquitoes

Using antibiotics to kill the protist

Using mosquito nets and draining stagnant water to reduce mosquito numbers

Isolating infected people

#89. What is the primary benefit of a fever when you have an infection?

It makes you feel tired so you rest.

It can help to kill pathogens which are sensitive to temperature changes.

It increases the rate of photosynthesis.

It directly produces more white blood cells.

#90. Painkillers, such as paracetamol, are drugs used to treat disease. How do they work?

They kill the pathogen causing the disease.

They relieve the symptoms but do not kill the pathogen.

They stimulate the production of antibodies.

They act as vaccines.

#91. What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

Oxygen + Water → Glucose + Carbon Dioxide

Glucose + Carbon Dioxide → Oxygen + Water

#92. In which cell structure does photosynthesis primarily take place?

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Vacuole

#93. What type of energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis?

Heat energy

Light energy

Kinetic energy

Sound energy

#94. Why is respiration essential for living organisms?

It produces glucose for growth.

It releases energy from glucose for life processes.

It produces oxygen for breathing.

It absorbs light energy.

#95. What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

Glucose → Lactic Acid

Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

#96. Which of the following is a product of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Lactic Acid

Oxygen

Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide

Water

#97. What is a common cause of muscle fatigue during vigorous exercise?

The build-up of ethanol

The build-up of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration

The lack of glucose

The build-up of oxygen

#98. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can limit the rate of photosynthesis?

Light intensity

Carbon dioxide concentration

Oxygen concentration

Temperature

#99. In an investigation, a pondweed is placed at different distances from a light source. What is the independent variable?

The amount of oxygen produced

The temperature of the water

The distance from the light source (light intensity)

The type of pondweed

#100. Where in the cell does most aerobic respiration take place?

Nucleus

Ribosome

Mitochondria

Cell Membrane

#101. What is the name of the process in plants that converts glucose into starch for storage?

Respiration

Photosynthesis

Translocation

Synthesis

#102. Why do plants need nitrate ions absorbed from the soil?

To produce carbohydrates

To produce fats and oils

To produce proteins

To provide energy for respiration

#103. What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as temperature increases from 0°C to 25°C?

It decreases

It stays the same

It increases

It stops completely

#104. What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration produces less energy.

Anaerobic respiration uses oxygen.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and releases more energy.

Anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water.

#105. What is the purpose of the ‘oxygen debt’ after exercise?

To break down lactic acid that has built up in the muscles

To produce more glucose for the next exercise

To increase the heart rate

To convert ethanol into glucose

#106. Which of the following is a use of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Making bread rise

Producing lactic acid in muscles

Generating oxygen

Absorbing light energy

#107. Which graph best shows the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis, assuming other factors are not limiting?

A horizontal line

A line that curves upwards and then levels off

A straight line going downwards

A wavy line

#108. Which product of photosynthesis is used for energy release in plant cells?

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

Glucose

Water

#109. What is the chemical symbol for the glucose molecule?

C₆H₁₂O₆

CO₂

H₂O

O₂

#110. In a closed room at night, what would happen to the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide around a plant?

Oxygen increases and carbon dioxide decreases.

Oxygen decreases and carbon dioxide increases.

Both oxygen and carbon dioxide increase.

Both oxygen and carbon dioxide decrease.

#111. What is the main reason why anaerobic respiration releases less energy per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration?

The glucose is not completely broken down.

It happens too quickly.

It doesn't use oxygen.

It produces toxic products.

#112. A plant is kept in a sealed container with no light. What process will it primarily be carrying out?

Only Photosynthesis

Only Respiration

Both Photosynthesis and Respiration

Neither process

#113. Which of the following is a direct use of the energy released from respiration in animals?

Muscle contraction

Photosynthesis

Producing glucose

Absorbing minerals

#114. If a plant has yellowing leaves, it may be deficient in magnesium. Why does this reduce the rate of photosynthesis?

Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll.

Magnesium is a product of photosynthesis.

Magnesium is used to absorb light.

Magnesium is needed to make glucose.

#115. What is the name of the green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

Chloroplast

Melanin

Hemoglobin

#116. In an experiment to test the effect of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis, what could be used to absorb carbon dioxide from the air around the plant?

Water

Limewater

Soda lime

Salt water

#117. What waste product of photosynthesis is vital for the survival of most other life on Earth?

Glucose

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Nitrogen

#118. During vigorous exercise, which process supplies most of the energy to the muscle cells?

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

Photosynthesis

Fermentation

#119. Why is it beneficial for a plant to convert glucose into insoluble starch for storage?

Starch is sweeter.

Starch dissolves in water, making it easier to transport.

Starch does not affect the water concentration in storage cells and is insoluble.

Starch can be used for respiration directly.

#120. Which of the following statements is correct?

Plants only respire at night.

Plants only photosynthesise during the day.

Plants photosynthesise and respire all the time.

Plants only respire and never photosynthesise.

#121. What is the correct definition of a community?

All the organisms of one species in a habitat.

The place where an organism lives.

All the different populations of species living in a habitat.

The interaction between a community and its environment.

#122. Which of the following is an adaptation of a camel for living in a hot desert?

Large ears to lose heat.

A thick layer of fat for insulation.

Large, flat feet to spread its weight on sand.

Sharp teeth for eating meat.

#123. In a food chain, what is the original source of energy for almost all organisms?

Water

Soil

The Sun

Oxygen

#124. What is the term for an organism that makes its own food, such as a plant?

Consumer

Predator

Producer

Decomposer

#125. What is the name for the total variety of all living organisms in an area?

Community

Ecosystem

Biodiversity

Population

#126. Which of the following is a primary consumer?

An oak tree

A fox that eats rabbits

A rabbit that eats grass

A fungus that breaks down dead wood

#127. What is the main cause of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

The burning of fossil fuels

Increased biodiversity

The overuse of fertilisers

The release of CFCs from aerosols

#128. What does a pyramid of biomass represent?

The number of organisms at each trophic level.

The amount of energy at each trophic level.

The mass of living material at each trophic level.

The size of the organisms at each trophic level.

#129. A cactus is adapted to live in a desert. What is the role of its spines?

To attract pollinators

To reduce water loss by having a small surface area

To store water

To perform photosynthesis

#130. What is the term for the gradual regrowth of a community of organisms over time?

Deforestation

Succession

Pollution

Interdependence

#131. What is the main negative consequence of deforestation?

An increase in atmospheric oxygen.

A decrease in biodiversity.

A decrease in soil erosion.

An increase in the fish population.

#132. In a food web, what will be the most immediate effect of a sharp decline in the number of producers?

A decrease in the number of decomposers.

A decrease in the number of primary consumers.

An increase in the number of secondary consumers.

An increase in the amount of sunlight.

#133. Which of these processes removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?

Respiration

Combustion

Photosynthesis

Decay

#134. What is the term for an organism that breaks down dead plant and animal material?

Producer

Prey

Predator

Decomposer

#135. Which of the following is a biotic factor that could affect a community?

Light intensity

Soil pH

Availability of food

Temperature

#136. What is the name of the process where harmful chemicals build up in a food chain?

Bioaccumulation

Biodiversity

Combustion

Interdependence

#137. Which of these is a potential effect of global warming?

A rise in sea levels.

A new ice age.

A decrease in severe weather.

An increase in polar ice caps.

#138. A polar bear has white fur. What is the main advantage of this adaptation?

To keep it cool.

For camouflage when hunting.

To attract a mate.

To help it swim faster.

#139. Why does the amount of biomass usually decrease at each stage of a food chain?

Because energy is lost to the surroundings as heat.

Because consumers are smaller than producers.

Because predators are inefficient hunters.

Because biomass is converted into waste.

#140. What is the definition of an ecosystem?

All the organisms in a habitat.

The interaction of a community of living organisms with the non-living parts of their environment.

The range of different species in a habitat.

The number of one species in a given area.

#141. What is the main purpose of a quadrat in ecological fieldwork?

To measure the temperature of the soil.

To collect samples of pond water.

To estimate the population size of a slow-moving organism.

To capture small animals for study.

#142. Which human activity is the primary cause of acid rain?

Using fertilisers on farms.

Releasing sulfur dioxide from burning fossil fuels.

Dumping plastic waste in the ocean.

Spraying pesticides on crops.

#143. In a balanced ecosystem, what is the relationship between predators and prey?

The number of predators is not affected by the number of prey.

The number of predators controls the number of prey, and vice versa.

The number of prey is always much higher than the number of predators.

The number of prey has no effect on the number of predators.

#144. What is the term for the role a species plays within its ecosystem?

Its habitat

Its niche

Its community

Its population

#145. Which of the following is a benefit of maintaining high biodiversity?

Ecosystems are less stable.

Ecosystems are more stable and can withstand environmental changes.

There is less competition for resources.

Food webs become simpler.

#146. What is the main gas responsible for the greenhouse effect?

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Carbon Dioxide

Hydrogen

#147. A fish has gills to absorb oxygen from water. This is an example of…

a behavioural adaptation.

a structural adaptation.

a functional adaptation.

interdependence.

#148. What is the term for the process of converting waste materials into reusable materials?

Combustion

Recycling

Deforestation

Pollution

#149. In a pyramid of numbers, the bar for the producer is always the largest. Is this statement…

Always true?

Never true?

Sometimes true? (e.g., not if one oak tree supports thousands of insects)

Only true in aquatic ecosystems?

#150. What is the primary reason for the destruction of peat bogs, which contributes to climate change?

To provide land for farming and compost for gardens.

To create new forests.

To provide a habitat for rare birds.

To mine for fossil fuels.

Results

#1. Which of these structures is found in both plant and animal cells?

#2. In a plant cell, what is the name of the organelle, which controls the cell’s activities?

#3. What is the main function of the chloroplasts in a plant cell?

#4. A sperm cell is adapted for its function by being…

#5. What is the correct equation for calculating magnification?

#6. A root hair cell is specialised for absorbing water and minerals. How is it adapted?

#7. What is the process by which cells divide for growth and repair?

#8. Which part of the cell is a semi-permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out?

#9. Where in the cell do most chemical reactions, including respiration, take place?

#10. What is the net movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane called?

#11. A red blood cell is specialised to carry oxygen. It is adapted by…

#12. If a student sees 5 cells across the field of view of a microscope and the field of view is 1 mm wide, what is the approximate width of one cell?

#13. Which process requires energy from respiration to move substances against a concentration gradient?

#14. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a typical animal cell?

#15. A nerve cell (neurone) is long and has branched connections at its ends. Why is it adapted like this?

#16. What is the function of the ribosomes?

#17. In which process do particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

#18. A plant cell is placed in pure water. What will happen to it?

#19. Which cell structure provides strength and support to a plant cell?

#20. What is the name of the process shown in the diagram, where substances move from a high to a low concentration? (Imagine a diagram showing particles moving through a membrane, high to low)

#21. A ciliated epithelial cell has hair-like structures on its surface. What is their function?

#22. The real size of a cell is 20 µm. A student draws it 2 cm long. What is the magnification? (1 cm = 10,000 µm)

#23. Which of the following is a correct difference between mitosis and meiosis?

#24. Which process is responsible for the absorption of water by root hair cells from the soil?

#25. A palisade mesophyll cell in a leaf is packed with chloroplasts. What is the advantage of this?

#26. What happens to an animal cell if it is placed in a very concentrated sugar solution?

#27. Which part of a cell contains its genetic material (DNA)?

#28. Mineral ions from the soil are often absorbed into root hair cells by active transport. Why is this necessary?

#29. What is the primary role of the mitochondria?

#30. A student is observing an onion epidermal cell under a microscope. They would expect to see…

#31. What is the correct order of organisation in a multicellular organism?

#32. Which of the following is an example of a tissue?

#33. Where is the enzyme amylase produced in the human digestive system?

#34. What is the main function of the villi in the small intestine?

#35. Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

#36. What is the primary role of red blood cells?

#37. Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

#38. What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids?

#39. Which organ produces bile to emulsify fats?

#40. What is the liquid component of blood called?

#41. Which of these is a non-communicable disease?

#42. What is the function of the coronary arteries?

#43. A person with a vitamin C deficiency may develop scurvy. What type of disease is scurvy?

#44. Which blood vessel has valves to prevent the backflow of blood?

#45. Where in the digestive system is water primarily absorbed?

#46. What is the role of platelets in the blood?

#47. Which organ system is the heart a part of?

#48. What is the name of the process where bile breaks large fat droplets into smaller ones?

#49. A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease. Which of these is NOT a pathogen?

#50. Which enzyme breaks down starch into maltose?

#51. Why do arteries have thick, muscular walls?

#52. What is the main symptom of coronary heart disease?

#53. What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

#54. Which of the following is an organ?

#55. How are capillaries adapted for their function?

#56. A diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol can lead to a build-up of fatty material in the arteries. What is this condition called?

#57. Where are protease enzymes active in the digestive system?

#58. What is the role of white blood cells?

#59. Which organ is responsible for producing insulin and digestive enzymes?

#60. What is the name of the muscular contractions that push food through the digestive system?

#61. What is the name for a microorganism that causes infectious disease?

#62. Which type of pathogen is responsible for causing Malaria?

#63. How can the spread of Salmonella food poisoning be reduced in Nigeria?

#64. Measles is a serious disease. What type of pathogen causes it?

#65. What is the first line of defence against pathogens in the human body?

#66. Hairs and mucus in the nose and trachea act as a defence by…

#67. How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?

#68. What is the role of an antibody?

#69. What is the purpose of a vaccination?

#70. Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral diseases like the common cold?

#71. Rose black spot is a disease that affects plants. What type of pathogen causes it?

#72. What is ‘herd immunity’?

#73. Which of these is a primary defence of the human body?

#74. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) affects plants. What is a common symptom?

#75. What do white blood cells produce to neutralise the toxins made by pathogens?

#76. How does a virus cause damage to the body?

#77. What is a key difference between bacteria and viruses?

#78. Why is it difficult to develop drugs to destroy viruses?

#79. The process by which a white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a pathogen is called…